Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau stand as two monumental figures in American literature and philosophy, embodying the spirit of individualism and a profound connection to nature. Their works not only shaped the literary landscape of the 19th century but also laid the groundwork for future generations of writers and thinkers. This article explores the major influence on Walt Whitman and David Thoreau, examining the philosophical, cultural, and literary elements that shaped their views and writings.
Understanding the Context of Whitman and Thoreau
To appreciate the influences on Whitman and Thoreau, it is essential to understand the socio-political and cultural context of their time. The mid-19th century was a period marked by rapid industrialization, social reform movements, and a growing sense of national identity. The transcendental movement, which emphasized individual intuition and the inherent goodness of both people and nature, was particularly significant in shaping their thoughts and writings.
Transcendentalism: A Philosophical Foundation
Transcendentalism, a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 19th century, was a major influence on both Whitman and Thoreau. This movement championed the idea that individuals could transcend the physical world and connect with a higher spiritual reality through nature and personal intuition. Key figures in this movement included Ralph Waldo Emerson, who played a pivotal role in shaping their philosophies.
Ralph Waldo Emerson: Emerson’s essays, particularly “Nature” and “Self-Reliance,” emphasized the importance of individualism, self-discovery, and the relationship between humans and the natural world. Whitman and Thoreau were profoundly inspired by Emerson’s ideas. For instance, Thoreau’s experiment in simple living at Walden Pond was a direct reflection of Emerson’s call for individuals to seek solitude and connect with nature.
Nature as a Central Theme: Both Whitman and Thoreau held a deep reverence for nature, which they viewed as a source of inspiration, truth, and moral guidance. Thoreau’s “Walden” is a testament to his belief in the transformative power of nature, while Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass” celebrates the beauty of the natural world and its connection to the human experience.
Major Influences on Walt Whitman
1. The American Landscape
Whitman’s poetry is deeply rooted in the American landscape and experience. The vastness of the country, from its rivers to its mountains, significantly influenced his work. He believed that the unique qualities of American life should be reflected in literature.
- Inspiration from the Civil War: The Civil War profoundly impacted Whitman, who worked as a nurse during the conflict. His experiences shaped his views on democracy, suffering, and the human spirit. His poems, particularly “Drum-Taps,” reflect the struggles and resilience of the American people during this tumultuous time.
2. European Poets and Philosophers
Whitman was also influenced by European writers and thinkers, which he synthesized with his American experience.
- William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Romantic poets’ emphasis on emotion, nature, and individual experience resonated with Whitman. He admired their ability to capture the beauty of the natural world and the complexities of human emotion.
- Victor Hugo: The French poet and novelist inspired Whitman’s exploration of social justice and the human condition. Whitman’s poem “The Song of Myself” can be seen as a reflection of Hugo’s ideal of a universal brotherhood.
3. The Idea of the Self
Whitman’s concept of the self is another significant influence on his work. He believed in the interconnectedness of all individuals, encapsulated in his famous line, “I am large; I contain multitudes.” This idea emphasizes the complexity of the human experience and the importance of embracing one’s identity.
- Spirituality: Whitman’s exploration of spirituality was influenced by the idea of pantheism, which sees God in everything, including nature and humanity. His poetry often reflects this belief, inviting readers to find the divine within themselves and the world around them.
Major Influences on Henry David Thoreau
1. Nature and Simple Living
Thoreau’s most significant influence came from his deep connection to nature and his belief in simple living. His experiment at Walden Pond encapsulates his philosophy of living deliberately and observing the natural world.
- Personal Experience: Thoreau spent two years living in a cabin he built near Walden Pond, seeking to simplify his life and reconnect with nature. This experience is documented in his seminal work, “Walden,” where he articulates the importance of solitude, reflection, and a deep appreciation for the environment.
2. Social Reform Movements
Thoreau was also influenced by the social reform movements of his time, particularly abolitionism and civil disobedience.
- Abolitionism: Thoreau was a staunch opponent of slavery, which led him to speak out against the Fugitive Slave Act. His essay “Civil Disobedience” argues for the moral imperative to resist unjust laws, advocating for individual conscience and action.
3. The Philosophical Underpinnings of Transcendentalism
Similar to Whitman, Thoreau’s philosophy was shaped by transcendentalist thought, particularly the works of Emerson and the idea of self-reliance.
- Self-Reliance: Thoreau believed in the importance of individual judgment and the necessity of self-sufficiency. His writings encourage readers to trust their instincts and seek personal truth through direct experience with nature.
4. Eastern Philosophies
Thoreau was influenced by Eastern philosophies, particularly Hinduism and Buddhism, which he encountered through translations of ancient texts.
- Emphasis on Simplicity and Nature: Thoreau’s affinity for simplicity, meditation, and a harmonious existence with nature reflects Eastern ideals. His belief in the interconnectedness of all life echoes the teachings found in Eastern spiritual traditions.
Major Influences on Whitman and Thoreau
| Influence | Walt Whitman | Henry David Thoreau |
| Transcendentalism | Inspired by Emerson’s philosophy of self-reliance and connection with nature | Embraced the idea of self-discovery and intuition through nature |
| American Landscape | Celebrated the vastness and diversity of America; inspired by the Civil War experience | Focused on local environments, particularly Walden Pond, as a space for reflection |
| European Poets | Influenced by Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Hugo in terms of emotional depth and social justice | Admired Romantic poets but focused on personal experience and simplicity |
| Social Reform | Explored themes of democracy and human connection, especially during the Civil War | Advocated for abolition and civil disobedience as moral imperatives |
| Eastern Philosophies | Integrated ideas of spirituality and pantheism | Influenced by Hindu and Buddhist texts promoting simplicity and interconnectedness |
Conclusion: Major Influences on Walt Whitman and David Thoreau
The major influence on Walt Whitman and David Thoreau is a testament to the rich tapestry of philosophical, cultural, and literary elements that shaped their work. Their commitment to individualism, nature, and social reform resonated deeply during their time and continues to inspire readers and thinkers today.
Whitman’s expansive, celebratory poetry contrasts with Thoreau’s introspective and pragmatic prose, yet both men emphasized the significance of nature and the individual’s relationship with it. Their works remain foundational in American literature, challenging readers to reflect on their lives, their connection to the world around them, and the broader social issues of their time.
FAQs About Major Influences on Walt Whitman and David Thoreau
What are the main themes in the works of Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau?
Both authors explore themes of individualism, nature, spirituality, and social reform. Whitman celebrates the interconnectedness of humanity, while Thoreau emphasizes simple living and moral responsibility.
How did Transcendentalism influence Whitman and Thoreau?
Transcendentalism, with its focus on intuition, nature, and self-reliance, significantly shaped both writers. It encouraged them to value personal experience and the natural world in their philosophies and writings.
What impact did Whitman and Thoreau have on American literature?
Whitman and Thoreau profoundly influenced American literature by challenging traditional forms and advocating for a uniquely American voice. Their emphasis on nature, individualism, and social justice continues to inspire contemporary writers.
How did Whitman’s and Thoreau’s views on nature differ?
While both valued nature, Whitman celebrated its grandeur and diversity in his poetry, whereas Thoreau focused on personal experience and introspection within natural settings, particularly during his time at Walden Pond.
What role did social issues play in the writings of Whitman and Thoreau?
Both authors addressed social issues such as slavery, democracy, and civil rights. Whitman often highlighted the collective human experience, while Thoreau emphasized personal responsibility and moral action against injustice.
By exploring the major influences on Walt Whitman and David Thoreau, we gain valuable insights into their enduring legacies and the philosophies that shaped their iconic works. Their messages remain relevant today, encouraging a deep appreciation for nature, individual freedom, and social responsibility.
